Mutability

In Java, there are mutable collections:

// Java
// This list is mutable!
public List<Customer> getCustomers() { ... }

{id=”mutability-java”}

Partially mutable ones:

// Java
List<String> numbers = Arrays.asList("one", "two", "three", "four");
numbers.add("five"); // Fails in runtime with `UnsupportedOperationException`

{id=”mutability-partly-java”}

And immutable ones:

// Java
List<String> numbers = new LinkedList<>();
// This list is immutable!
List<String> immutableCollection = Collections.unmodifiableList(numbers);
immutableCollection.add("five"); // Fails in runtime with `UnsupportedOperationException`

{id=”immutable-java”}

If you write the last two pieces of code in IntelliJ IDEA, the IDE will warn you that you’re trying to modify an immutable object. This code will compile and fail in runtime with UnsupportedOperationException. You can’t tell whether a collection is mutable by looking at its type.

Unlike in Java, in Kotlin you explicitly declare mutable or read-only collections depending on your needs. If you try to modify a read-only collection, the code won’t compile:

// Kotlin
val numbers = mutableListOf("one", "two", "three", "four")
numbers.add("five")            // This is OK
val immutableNumbers = listOf("one", "two")
//immutableNumbers.add("five") // Compilation error - Unresolved reference: add

{id=”mutability-kotlin”}

Read more about immutability on the Kotlin coding conventions page.

Covariance

In Java, you can’t pass a collection with a descendant type to a function that takes a collection of the ancestor type. For example, if Rectangle extends Shape, you can’t pass a collection of Rectangle elements to a function that takes a collection of Shape elements. To make the code compilable, use the ? extends Shape type so the function can take collections with any inheritors of Shape:

// Java
class Shape {}

class Rectangle extends Shape {}

public void doSthWithShapes(List<? extends Shape> shapes) {
/* If using just List<Shape>, the code won't compile when calling
this function with the List<Rectangle> as the argument as below */
}

public void main() {
    var rectangles = List.of(new Rectangle(), new Rectangle());
    doSthWithShapes(rectangles);
}

{id=”covariance-java”}

In Kotlin, read-only collection types are covariant. This means that if a Rectangle class inherits from the Shape class, you can use the type List<Rectangle> anywhere the List<Shape> type is required. In other words, the collection types have the same subtyping relationship as the element types. Maps are covariant on the value type, but not on the key type. Mutable collections aren’t covariant – this would lead to runtime failures.

// Kotlin
open class Shape(val name: String)

class Rectangle(private val rectangleName: String) : Shape(rectangleName)

fun doSthWithShapes(shapes: List<Shape>) {
    println("The shapes are: ${shapes.joinToString { it.name }}")
}

fun main() {
    val rectangles = listOf(Rectangle("rhombus"), Rectangle("parallelepiped"))
    doSthWithShapes(rectangles)
}

{kotlin-runnable=”true” id=”covariance-kotlin”}

Read more about collection types here.

Ranges and progressions

In Kotlin, you can create intervals using ranges. For example, Version(1, 11)..Version(1, 30) includes all of the versions from 1.11 to 1.30. You can check that your version is in the range by using the in operator: Version(0, 9) in versionRange.

In Java, you need to manually check whether a Version fits both bounds:

// Java
class Version implements Comparable<Version> {

    int major;
    int minor;

    Version(int major, int minor) {
        this.major = major;
        this.minor = minor;
    }

    @Override
    public int compareTo(Version o) {
        if (this.major != o.major) {
            return this.major - o.major;
        }
        return this.minor - o.minor;
    }
}

public void compareVersions() {
    var minVersion = new Version(1, 11);
    var maxVersion = new Version(1, 31);

   System.out.println(
           versionIsInRange(new Version(0, 9), minVersion, maxVersion));
   System.out.println(
           versionIsInRange(new Version(1, 20), minVersion, maxVersion));
}

public Boolean versionIsInRange(Version versionToCheck, Version minVersion, 
                                Version maxVersion) {
    return versionToCheck.compareTo(minVersion) >= 0 
            && versionToCheck.compareTo(maxVersion) <= 0;
}

{id=”ranges-java”}

In Kotlin, you operate with a range as a whole object. You don’t need to create two variables and compare a Version with them:

// Kotlin
class Version(val major: Int, val minor: Int): Comparable<Version> {
    override fun compareTo(other: Version): Int {
        if (this.major != other.major) {
            return this.major - other.major
        }
        return this.minor - other.minor
    }
}

fun main() {
    val versionRange = Version(1, 11)..Version(1, 30)

    println(Version(0, 9) in versionRange)
    println(Version(1, 20) in versionRange)
}

{kotlin-runnable=”true” id=”ranges-kotlin”}

As soon as you need to exclude one of the bounds, like to check whether a version is greater than or equal to (>=) the minimum version and less than (<) the maximum version, these inclusive ranges won’t help.

Comparison by several criteria

In Java, to compare objects by several criteria, you may use the comparing() and thenComparingX() functions from the Comparator interface. For example, to compare people by their name and age:

class Person implements Comparable<Person> {
    String name;
    int age;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    Person(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return this.name + " " + age;
    }
}

public void comparePersons() {
    var persons = List.of(new Person("Jack", 35), new Person("David", 30), 
            new Person("Jack", 25));
    System.out.println(persons.stream().sorted(Comparator
            .comparing(Person::getName)
            .thenComparingInt(Person::getAge)).collect(toList()));
}

{id=”comparison-java”}

In Kotlin, you just enumerate which fields you want to compare:

data class Person(
    val name: String,
    val age: Int
)

fun main() {
    val persons = listOf(Person("Jack", 35), Person("David", 30), 
        Person("Jack", 25))
    println(persons.sortedWith(compareBy(Person::name, Person::age)))
}

{kotlin-runnable=”true” id=”comparison-kotlin”}

Sequences

In Java, you can generate a sequence of numbers this way:

// Java
int sum = IntStream.iterate(1, e -> e + 3)
    .limit(10).sum();
System.out.println(sum); // Prints 145

{id=”sequences-java”}

In Kotlin, use sequences. Multi-step processing of sequences is executed lazily when possible – actual computing happens only when the result of the whole processing chain is requested.

fun main() {
//sampleStart
    // Kotlin
    val sum = generateSequence(1) {
        it + 3
    }.take(10).sum()
    println(sum) // Prints 145
//sampleEnd
}

{kotlin-runnable=”true” id=”sequences-kotlin”}

Sequences may reduce the number of steps that are needed to perform some filtering operations. See the sequence processing example, which shows the difference between Iterable and Sequence.

Removal of elements from a list

In Java, the remove() function accepts an index of an element to remove.

When removing an integer element, use the Integer.valueOf() function as the argument for the remove() function:

// Java
public void remove() {
    var numbers = new ArrayList<>();
    numbers.add(1);
    numbers.add(2);
    numbers.add(3);
    numbers.add(1);
    numbers.remove(1); // This removes by index
    System.out.println(numbers); // [1, 3, 1]
    numbers.remove(Integer.valueOf(1));
    System.out.println(numbers); // [3, 1]
}

{id=”remove-elements-java”}

In Kotlin, there are two types of element removal: by index with removeAt() and by value with remove().

fun main() {
//sampleStart
    // Kotlin
    val numbers = mutableListOf(1, 2, 3, 1)
    numbers.removeAt(0)
    println(numbers) // [2, 3, 1]
    numbers.remove(1)
    println(numbers) // [2, 3]
//sampleEnd
}

{kotlin-runnable=”true” id=”remove-elements-kotlin”}

Traverse a map

In Java, you can traverse a map via forEach:

// Java
numbers.forEach((k,v) -> System.out.println("Key = " + k + ", Value = " + v));

{id=”traverse-map-java”}

In Kotlin, use a for loop or a forEach, similar to Java’s forEach, to traverse a map:

// Kotlin
for ((k, v) in numbers) {
    println("Key = $k, Value = $v")
}
// Or
numbers.forEach { (k, v) -> println("Key = $k, Value = $v") }

{id=”traverse-map-kotlin”}

Get the first and the last items of a possibly empty collection

In Java, you can safely get the first and the last items by checking the size of the collection and using indices:

// Java
var list = new ArrayList<>();
//...
if (list.size() > 0) {
    System.out.println(list.get(0));
    System.out.println(list.get(list.size() - 1));
}

{id=”list-get-first-last-java”}

You can also use the getFirst() and getLast() functions for Deque and its inheritors:

// Java
var deque = new ArrayDeque<>();
//...
if (deque.size() > 0) {
    System.out.println(deque.getFirst());
    System.out.println(deque.getLast());
}

{id=”deque-get-first-last-java”}

In Kotlin, there are the special functions firstOrNull() and lastOrNull(). Using the Elvis operator, you can perform further actions right away depending on the result of a function. For example, firstOrNull():

// Kotlin
val emails = listOf<String>() // Might be empty
val theOldestEmail = emails.firstOrNull() ?: ""
val theFreshestEmail = emails.lastOrNull() ?: ""

{id=”get-first-last-kotlin”}

Create a set from a list

In Java, to create a Set from a List, you can use the Set.copyOf function:

// Java
public void listToSet() {
    var sourceList = List.of(1, 2, 3, 1);
    var copySet = Set.copyOf(sourceList);
    System.out.println(copySet);
}

{id=”list-to-set-java”}

In Kotlin, use the function toSet():

fun main() {
//sampleStart
    // Kotlin
    val sourceList = listOf(1, 2, 3, 1)
    val copySet = sourceList.toSet()
    println(copySet)
//sampleEnd
}

{kotlin-runnable=”true” id=”list-to-set-kotlin”}

Group elements

In Java, you can group elements with the Collectors function groupingBy():

// Java
public void analyzeLogs() {
    var requests = List.of(
        new Request("https://kotlinlang.org/docs/home.html", 200),
        new Request("https://kotlinlang.org/docs/home.html", 400),
        new Request("https://kotlinlang.org/docs/comparison-to-java.html", 200)
    );
    var urlsAndRequests = requests.stream().collect(
            Collectors.groupingBy(Request::getUrl));
    System.out.println(urlsAndRequests);
}

{id=”group-elements-java”}

In Kotlin, use the function groupBy():

class Request(
    val url: String,
    val responseCode: Int
)

fun main() {
//sampleStart
    // Kotlin
    val requests = listOf(
        Request("https://kotlinlang.org/docs/home.html", 200),
        Request("https://kotlinlang.org/docs/home.html", 400),
        Request("https://kotlinlang.org/docs/comparison-to-java.html", 200)
    )
    println(requests.groupBy(Request::url))
//sampleEnd
}

{kotlin-runnable=”true” id=”group-elements-kotlin”}

要素のフィルタリング

In Java, to filter elements from a collection, you need to use the Stream API. The Stream API has intermediate and terminal operations. filter() is an intermediate operation, which returns a stream. To receive a collection as the output, you need to use a terminal operation, like collect(). For example, to leave only those pairs whose keys end with 1 and whose values are greater than 10:

// Java
public void filterEndsWith() {
    var numbers = Map.of("key1", 1, "key2", 2, "key3", 3, "key11", 11);
    var filteredNumbers = numbers.entrySet().stream()
        .filter(entry -> entry.getKey().endsWith("1") && entry.getValue() > 10)
        .collect(Collectors.toMap(Map.Entry::getKey, Map.Entry::getValue));
    System.out.println(filteredNumbers);
}

{id=”filter-elements-java”}

In Kotlin, filtering is built into collections, and filter() returns the same collection type that was filtered. So, all you need to write is the filter() and its predicate:

fun main() {
//sampleStart
    // Kotlin
    val numbers = mapOf("key1" to 1, "key2" to 2, "key3" to 3, "key11" to 11)
    val filteredNumbers = numbers.filter { (key, value) -> key.endsWith("1") && value > 10 }
    println(filteredNumbers)
//sampleEnd
}

{kotlin-runnable=”true” id=”filter-elements-kotlin”}

Learn more about filtering maps here.

Filter elements by type

In Java, to filter elements by type and perform actions on them, you need to check their types with the instanceof operator and then do the type cast:

// Java
public void objectIsInstance() {
    var numbers = new ArrayList<>();
    numbers.add(null);
    numbers.add(1);
    numbers.add("two");
    numbers.add(3.0);
    numbers.add("four");
    System.out.println("All String elements in upper case:");
    numbers.stream().filter(it -> it instanceof String)
        .forEach( it -> System.out.println(((String) it).toUpperCase()));
}

{id=”filter-by-type-java”}

In Kotlin, you just call filterIsInstance<NEEDED_TYPE>() on your collection, and the type cast is done by Smart casts:

// Kotlin
fun main() {
//sampleStart
    // Kotlin
    val numbers = listOf(null, 1, "two", 3.0, "four")
    println("All String elements in upper case:")
    numbers.filterIsInstance<String>().forEach {
        println(it.uppercase())
    }
//sampleEnd
}

{kotlin-runnable=”true” id=”filter-by-type-kotlin”}

Test predicates

Some tasks require you to check whether all, none, or any elements satisfy a condition. In Java, you can do all of these checks via the Stream API functions allMatch(), noneMatch(), and anyMatch():

// Java
public void testPredicates() {
    var numbers = List.of("one", "two", "three", "four");
    System.out.println(numbers.stream().noneMatch(it -> it.endsWith("e"))); // false
    System.out.println(numbers.stream().anyMatch(it -> it.endsWith("e"))); // true
    System.out.println(numbers.stream().allMatch(it -> it.endsWith("e"))); // false
}

{id=”test-predicates-java”}

In Kotlin, the extension functions none(), any(), and all() are available for every Iterable object:

fun main() {
//sampleStart
// Kotlin
    val numbers = listOf("one", "two", "three", "four")
    println(numbers.none { it.endsWith("e") })
    println(numbers.any { it.endsWith("e") })
    println(numbers.all { it.endsWith("e") })
//sampleEnd
}

{kotlin-runnable=”true” id=”test-predicates-kotlin”}

Learn more about test predicates.

Collection transformation operations

Zip elements

In Java, you can make pairs from elements with the same positions in two collections by iterating simultaneously over them:

// Java
public void zip() {
    var colors = List.of("red", "brown");
    var animals = List.of("fox", "bear", "wolf");

    for (int i = 0; i < Math.min(colors.size(), animals.size()); i++) {
        String animal = animals.get(i);
        System.out.println("The " + animal.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase()
               + animal.substring(1) + " is " + colors.get(i));
   }
}

{id=”zip-elements-java”}

If you want to do something more complex than just printing pairs of elements into the output, you can use Records. In the example above, the record would be record AnimalDescription(String animal, String color) {}.

In Kotlin, use the zip() function to do the same thing:

fun main() {
//sampleStart
    // Kotlin
    val colors = listOf("red", "brown")
    val animals = listOf("fox", "bear", "wolf")

    println(colors.zip(animals) { color, animal -> 
        "The ${animal.replaceFirstChar { it.uppercase() }} is $color" })
//sampleEnd
}

{kotlin-runnable=”true” id=”zip-elements-kotlin”}

zip() returns the List of Pair objects.

If collections have different sizes, the result of zip() is the smaller size. The last elements of the larger collection are not included in the result.

{type=”note”}

Associate elements

In Java, you can use the Stream API to associate elements with characteristics:

// Java
public void associate() {
    var numbers = List.of("one", "two", "three", "four");
    var wordAndLength = numbers.stream()
        .collect(toMap(number -> number, String::length));
    System.out.println(wordAndLength);
}

{id=”associate-elements-java”}

In Kotlin, use the associate() function:

fun main() {
//sampleStart
    // Kotlin
    val numbers = listOf("one", "two", "three", "four")
    println(numbers.associateWith { it.length })
//sampleEnd
}

{kotlin-runnable=”true” id=”associate-elements-kotlin”}

What’s next?

• Visit Kotlin Koans – complete exercises to learn Kotlin syntax. Each exercise is created as a failing unit test and your job is to make it pass.
• Look through other Kotlin idioms.
• Learn how to convert existing Java code to Kotlin with the Java to Kotlin converter.
• Discover collections in Kotlin.

If you have a favorite idiom, we invite you to share it by sending a pull request.